BIOB33 Human Anatomy Important Terms UTSC

UTSC BIOB33 Human Anatomy Important terms to learn 


Define




Lecture 1

•   Anatomy (4)
  
•   Physiology (2)
  
•   Microscopic Anatomy
  

o Cytology + histology
o Histology
 Macroscopic Anatomy
o Surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy

•   Developmental Anatomy, Embryology, Comparative anatomy
  
•   Levels of organization (6) + their descriptions
  

o Which 4 elements (out of how many overall) make up 99% of the body?
o Major classes of compounds (5)
o Components of the digestive system (6)
o How many organ systems? List them + major functions

•   Anatomical position o Supine
  o Prone
  
•   Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants= specialized regional terms
  

o Name quadrants (4) + organs
o Name regions (9)  Sectional Anatomy
o 4cuts
o Body Cavities + membranes  Tissues
o Over how many cells in the body?  75 trillion
o 4 tissue categories
o 4 functions of epithelial cells + 3 specializations + 4 types (where they
are found and functions)  Development of Epithelia
o All epithelia begin as simple epithelia
o Cells differentiate into functional epithelial cells + gland cells that may
have endocrine or exocrine functions
o Complex glands begin to form as epithelial cells grow into underlying
tissue
o In the formation of an exocrine gland, cells connecting to secretory
cells to the surface= duct that carries secretions of the gland cells to the epithelial surface-formation of endocrine glands, connecting cells disappear and the gland cells secrete into blood vessels or into the surrounding tissue fluid

Lecture 2

•   2 types of fluid
  
•   Intercellular attachment (3)
  

o Molecules in Tight Junction
o Molecules in Anchoring Junctions
 CAMS bind to each other and other extracellular material

•   Proteoglycans link opposing membranes and form a junction
  with the cytoskeleton within the adjoining cells
  
•   Internal surface of the plasma membrane (inside the cell)=
  thickened protein plaque=dense area= intermediate filaments of cystoskeleton penertrate the plaque to extend throughout the cell for support and strength
  
•   Zone Adherens=adhesion belt= sheet-like anchoring junction that stabilizes non-epithelial cells- form of anchoring junction that encircles the cell
  
•   Macula adherens (desmosomes)= provides small localized spot-like anchoring junction that stabilizes adjacent epidermal cells (like button/snap, which each cell contributing half the snap)
  

o Molecules in Communication Junctions  Where are they common?

•   Integumentary system components (6)
  
•   Types of tissue in IS (2)
  
•   Functions of IS (7)
  
•   Divisions of the IS :
  

o Skin (cutaneous membrane)= Epidermis and dermis
o Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)= deep to dermis
o Accessory structures= hair, nails, exocrine glands
o Hypodermis(subcutaneous)Dermis (cutaneous)reticular layer
(D)papillary layer (D)Stratum Basale (ED)Stratum spinosum (ED)Stratum granulosum (ED)Stratum lucidum (ED)Stratum Corneum (ED)
 Stratum Basale (2 types of cells located here)
o 15-30 days from here to top layer
o forms epidermial ridgesdermal papillae extend into dermis (4th
month of fetal development)dermatoglyphics  Stratum spinosum
o Keratinocytes= macular adherens/desmosomes + tonofibrils (bundles of protein filaments)
o Langerhans cells  Stratum granulosum
o Last layer with nucleated cells/keratinocytes
o Keratinization starts here
o 2 proteins produced by keratinocytes (protein functions?)
 Stratum lucidum

 Stratum corneum
o Thickened plasmalemmae
o Keratinized/cornified/no organelles and nucleus’/relatively dry and
water resistant= unsuitable for microorganisms

•   Name superficial layer of dermis + its components (3)
  
•   Name deep layer of dermis + its components (4)
  
•   Subcutaneous layer (aka....)= not technically part of the integument but helps
  STABILIZE it2 components_____needles, ________injections
  
•   ACCESSORY STRUCTURES (3)
  

o Structure of hair follicles
o Types of hair (3)
o Functions of hair (8)
o Hair color cause, age, influenced by (3) o Hair growth phases (4)
o Glands

•   Glandular functions (3)
  
•   Types of exocrine glands (2)
  
•   Sebaceous glands
  
•   Sweat glandsapocrine glands (3 types) + merocrine glands
  
•   APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS= viscous secretion of complex
  composition/ ODOUROUS fluid+ strongly influenced by HORMONES + possible function in communication + LIMITED DISTRIBUTION IN AXILLAE, GROIN + NIPPLES
  
•   MEROCRINE SWEAT GLANDS= thin secretion of mostly water (sensible perspiration/sweat)+ controlled by nervous system +ALL OVER BODY WITH HIGH CONC. IN PALMS AND FEET
  
•   MEROCRINE GLANDS/ECCRINE GLANDSlocation + function
  (2)
  

o Nails

•   Function (1)
  
•   Structure (5)
  

 Repairing Injuries to the skin
o Step 1: bleeding occurs if dermis is penetrated
o Step 2: blod clot/scab forms at surface to restore integrity (insoluble
network of fibrinprotein from blood proteins during clotting clots color=due to trapped red blood cells

•   cells of stratum basale undergo rapid divisions and begin to migrate along edges of wound + macrophages patrol damaged area of dermis and phagocytize pathogens and debris
  
•   fibroblasts + mesenchymal cells divide rapidly + capillaries follow fibroblast to inc. circulation
  
•   combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, extensive capillary networkGRANULATION TISSUE
  

o Step 3: Fibroblast activity leads to appearance of collagen fibers and typical ground substance

Lecture 3

o Step 4: damaged hair follicles/sebaceous/sweat glands are not restoredformation of inflexible fibrous noncellular tissue= scar tissue= practical limit of repair
 KELOID= thick raised area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny smooth epidermal suface (ex.earlobes)

•   Development involves (2)
  
•   Types of development (2)
  
•   Fertilization definition
  
•   Function + structure of haploid cells
  

o Spermatozoon
 (22 haploid chromosomes + 1 X or Y)
o Ovum (corona radiate, zona pellucida) + polar body + secondary oocyte (23 haploid chromosomes, 22 autosomes, second X chromosome, suspended in meiosis 2)

•   Describe the movement of the ovum and process of fertilization
  
•   Describe change in sperm numbers
  
•   Fertilization details:
  

o Acrosomal enzymes of multiple sperm create gaps in corona radiate one sperm makes contact with the secondary oocyte after passing through zona pellucidasperm enters cell + membrane fuses with that of the secondary oocyteoocyte activation= cortical granules from oocyte dissolve in cytoplasm changing permeability of the egg + meiosis goes to completionfemale pronucleus formsmale pronucleus + spindle fibers formcleavage division beings= metaphase of 1st cleavage division= amphimixis (female + male pronucleus fuse)30 hrs after fertilization= cytokinesis, first cleavage division is almost overzygote (diploid, 46 choromosomes)

•   Prenatal Development= gestation period, trimesters
  
•   First Trimester= 4 events
  
•   Cleavage and Blastocyst formation
  

o Blastomeres definition, what are they a result of?
o “blast”
o describe the change from a blastomere to a blastocyst o components of a blastocyst (3)
 Describe the implantation process
o Describe the formation of blastodiscs and their two layers
 Describe gastrulation + germ layer formation
o what organs/organ systems are derived from each of the germ layers?

•   4 major extraembryonic membranes
  
•   Describe placentation process
  
•   Describe Embyrogenesis
  

o What happens prior to folding? Where does mesoderm spread?

o What are the 2 types of folding
Lecture 4
 Describe connective tissue o Derived from?
o Examples (7)
o Function (6)
o Elements of connective tissues (2)
 Origins of connective tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
o Mesenchymeembryonic connective tissuecan differ into any of
the connective tissue proper (loose or dense) OR
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE
o Mesenchymecartilage can develop as mesenchymal cells
differentiate into chondroblasts (produce cartilage matrix) chondroblasts can become chondrocytes (3 types of cartilage= hyline (smooth, perichondrium, gel, no fibers) elastic (elastic fibers and perichondrium) fibrous cartilage (resists compression, gel with mix of fibrous tissue and cartilage, lots of collage, no perichondrium)
o Mesenchymeosteoblasts= lay down matrix of bonetrapped as
osteocytes in lacunae OR
FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
o Mesenchymecreate network of interconnected tubescells
trapped in these tubes differentiate into red + white blood cells

•   Terminology (3)
  
•   Components of ECM (4)
  
•   Classification of connective tissue
  

o Based on?
o Types of connective tissue (3) and examples of each
o Types of connective tissue proper with loose fibers (3) o Types of connective tissue proper with dense fibers (3)
 Types of tissue/cells in dense irregular tissue (4)
 Location + function of dense regular tissue o Fixed cells in connective tissue proper (6)
o Wandering cells in connective tissue proper (4)
o Fluid connective tissue (2)
 Components of blood (4) o Supportive connective tissue (2)
 Cartilage

•   Type of cell, associated with?, matrix= CHONDROITIN
  SULFATES + PROTEINS= HYDRATED PROTEOGLYCANS,
  structure, location, osteoarthritis
  
•   Types of cartilage (3)
  

 Bone

•   3 structures
  
•   marrow- location and types
  

 Membranes= consist of epithelia and connective tissue
o 4 types  Muscle tissue
o Pairs + example
o Muscle arrangement
o 3 types of muscle tissue (characteristics and function)
 Neural Tissue
o Function (2)
o Define neurons + parts of structure (4)
Lecture 5

•   Neuralation
  
•   Axial skeleton (3 parts)
  

o Cranial bones (6)
o Facial bones (8)
o Auditory bones (2 types)
 Auditory ossicles- 3 types
 Hyoid bone- thyrohyoid ligament, thyroid cartilage-
swallowing
o Vertebral column (26)
o Functions of vertebral column (6)
o Vertebral process of typical vertebra (6) o Intervertebral joints
 Function
 Facet joints
 Nucleus pulposis, anulus fibrosis
o Thoracic cage
 Functions (2)
 Bones (2 parts)

•   Part 1= 3 bones
  
•   Part 2= 12
  

 Appendicular skeleton (6)
o Pectoral gridle (3 components)  Function
o Upper limbs= humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phelanges/pollox
o Pelvic gridlesacrum attached to two coxal bones o Coxal bones= fusion of ilium, ischium, pubis
 Attached anteriorly and posteriorly by?
o Lower limbs= femur, tibia/shin, fibula/inside/calf, patella
(perochondrium, hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane), tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges= proximal, middle, distal/hallux

 Development of skulls
o Infantsnot fully developed skull at birth, attached by fibrous
cartilage because before delivery brain grows rapidly and bone can’t keep up, distorts but is fine during birthing
 FONTANELSlargest fibrous regions between cranial bones anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, mastoid
 Most significant growth of skull occurs at age 5 when coronal sutures form
 KYPHOSIS
o Normal thoracic curve of vertebral column becomes exaggerated
posteriorlyround back appearancecaused by osteoporosis or
chronic contractions or abnormal vertebral growth  LORDOSIS
o Abdomen and buttocks protrude abnormally
o Caused by anterior exaggeration of lumbar curveabdominal wall
obesity or weakness in muscles of abdominal wall  SCOLIOSIS
o Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
o Caused by incomplete vertebral formation or from muscular paralysis
VOCABULARY

•   Systemic anatomy
  
•   Supine
  
•   Prone
  
•   Ventral/dorsal
  
•   Caudal
  
•   Stereocilia
  
•   Mediastinal
  
•   Inguinal
  
•   Exocrine
  
•   Cereuminous
  o Cerumen
  
•   Merocrine
  o Eccrine
  
•   Eponychium
  
•   Hyponychium
  
•   Corona radiate
  
•   Zona pellucida
  
•   Proteoglycans
  
•   Ampulla
  
•   Hyaluronidase
  
•   Amphimixis
  
•   Blastocyst
  

•   Embryogenesis
  
•   Blastomeres
  
•   Morula
  
•   Blastocoele
  
•   Embryoblast
  
•   Syncytial trophoblast
  
•   Amniotic cavity
  
•   Blastocoele cavity
  
•   blastodisc
  
•   Epiblast
  
•   Hypoblast
  
•   Gastrulation
  
•   Amnion
  
•   Yolk sac
  
•   Allantois
  
•   Body stalk
  
•   Chorion
  
•   Chorionic villi
  
•   Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
  
•   Cloacal membrane
  
•   Buccopharyngeal membrane
  
•   Cephalocaudal folding
  
•   Transverse folding
  
•   Lymphocytes
  
•   Annulus fibrosis
  
•   Nucleus pulposis
  
•   Mast cells
  
•   Monocytes
  
•   Plasmocytes
  
•   Leukocytes
  
•   Fascia
  
•   Messenchymal cells
  
•   Fibroblast
  
•   Myofibrils
  
•   Erythrocytes
  
•   Platelets
  
•   Lymphoid/lymphatic
  
•   Perforating canal
  
•   Central/haversian canal
  
•   Chondrocytes
  

o Chondroitin suflates + proteinshydrated proteoglycans

•   Perichondrium
  
•   Perimysium
  
•   Periasteum
  

•   Lamellae
  
•   Canaliculi
  
•   Trabeculae
  
•   Notochord
  
•   Vomer
  
•   Inferior nasal conchae
  
•   Auditory ossicle
  
•   Hyoid
  
•   Malleus
  
•   Incus
  
•   stapes
  
•   Osteoarthritis
  
•   Diaphysis
  
•   Epiphysis
  
•   Metaphysis
  
•   Medullary canal
  
•   Hemopoietic
  
•   Muscle fascicle
  
•   Sarcoplasm
  
•   Sarcolemmae
  
•   Endomysium
  
•   Epimysium
  
•   Intercalated discs
  
•   Myometrium
  
•   Apopneuroses
  
•   Transudate
  
•   Synovial
  
•   Neuralation
  
•   Notochord
  
•   Neural plat/groove/tube
  
•   Spinabifida
  
•   Paraxial mesoderm
  o Somites
  
•   Intermediate mesoderm
  
•   Lateral plate mesoderm
  
•   Head mesenchyme
  
•   Girdles
  
•   Scapulae
  
•   Brachium
  
•   Antebrachium
  
•   Pollex
  
•   Bones of Carpal= scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium,
  trapezoid, capitates, hamae
  
•   Coxal bones (fusion of ilium, ischium, pubis)