BIOB33 Human Anatomy UTSC Muscles - origin - Function

BIOB33 Human Anatomy - UTSC - Muscles 

       Muscle name- origin to insertion- function

Pectoralis major- sternum to humerus- adducts the foreleg

Pectoralis minor- sternum to proximal end of humerus- adducts and retracts the foreleg

Latissimus dorsi- dorsal, lateral, and ventral sides, lumbodorsal fascia (sheet of connective tissue), lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae to the proximal end of the humerus on its medial surface- moves the foreleg caudally and dorsally

External oblique- posterior ribs and lumbodorsal fascia to ventral aponeurosis near linea alba

Internal oblique

Transverse abdominus

Rectus abdominus- pubis to the sternum and the upper ribs

External intercostals- located between ribs towards the back- raise the rib cage during inhalation

Internal intercostals- found along the entire inter rib space from dorsal to mid-ventral sternum- lower the rib cage during expiration

**linea alba**- at the centre of the ventral abdomen- thickening of the central part of the ventral aponeurosis (a sheet like fusion of tendons)

Brachiochephalic- back of the neck, back of the head, and mastoid process to the humerus- lies across the shoulder- moves forelimb anteriorly

Sternomastoid- sternum (splits into a V shape) to the mastoid process- flexes the head tot eh chest and inclines it to one side or the other

Digastric- temporal and occipital bones to the mandible- lowers the jaw

Sternum- “breast bone”

Thyroid cartilage- ventral prominent part of the larynx

Trachea- cartilaginous rings  

Thyroid gland- below the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and lying on top part of the trachea- part of the endocrine system- thyroid hormones affect the body’s metabolic rate 

Thymus gland- on either side of the midline and larger in size than the thyroid gland- important part of the immune system- found in the chest as well

Sternothyroid- beneath the sternohyoid muscle- depresses the larynx- involved in speech and swallowing movements

Thyrohyoid- thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone at the base of the tongue- depresses the hyoid bone and elevates the larynx affecting speech and swallowing movements  

Triceps brachii

            Long head- triangular shape- scapula and cover most of the surface of the forelimb- extends the elbow

            Lateral head- dorsal portion of the forelimb- proximal end and lateral side of the humerus

            Medial head-

Brachialis-

This description is for the following the muscles: Found on the lateral side of the forearm- lower to distal portion of the humerus- two insert at the digits and two insert at the metacarpals- extensors of the digits and front feet

Extensor carpi radialis

Extensor digitorum communis

Extensor digitorum lateralis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Spinodeltoid

Brachioradialis- flexes the elbow

Trapezius- broad superficial dorsal muscle- posterior to the brachiocephalic muscle and dorsal to deltoid muscle- from the occipital bone cervical vertebrae and thoracic vertebrae to the spine of scapula- retracts the scapula towards the spine and helps stabilize the scapula (and shoulder gridle) during forelimb movement

Supraspinatus- scapula to the proximal end of the humerus- abducts the humerus

Spine of scapula

Spinodeltoid muscle-  

Infrapinatus- scapula to the proximal end of the humerus- rotates the humerus laterally

Teres major- scapula to the humerus with the same tendon as the latissimus dorsi- rotates and flexex the humerus

Serratus ventralis

Subcapularis- covers much of the medial surface of the scapula- attaches to the humerus- medial rotator of the humerus  

Biceps brachii

Humerus

Radius

Coracobrahialis

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum profundus

Palmaris longis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Splenius

Rhomboideus group

            Rhomboideus capitus

            Rhomboideus cervicus

            Rhomboideus thoracis

Extensor dorsi communis

Tensor fascia lata

Gluteus maxius

Gluteus medius

Quadriceps fermoris

            Rectus femoris

            Vastus lateralis

            Vastus medialis

            Vastus intermedialis

Hamstrings

            Biceps femoris

            Semitendinosis

            Semimembranosus

Sartorius

Gracilis

Pectineus

Adductor magnus

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tibialis anterior

Achilles Tendon

Tibia

BIOB50 ECOLOGY LECTURE NOTE UTSC

BIOB50 ECOLOGY LECUTRE NOTE

SLIDE BY SLIDE

SLIDE 17

3 different schools of thought that what contributes to diversity.

1.     These resources are portioned between species.

2.     Because of these disturbances and fluctuating conditions one dominant spcies is unable to reach its carrying capacity and exlclude other species.

3.     The species traits don’t matter any more. So the identity of the species is irrelevant.

SLIDE 18

Competitive exclusion model – this is something we always don’t observe in the natural world. A good example of this is the Paradox of plankton.

SLIDE 19

The species partition resources in order to reduce competition with one another. Using the resources in different ways.

SLIDE 20

If we have here on the x acis the different types of resources available to a species, and each of these curves represents the species. The y axis represents the varaiblity of the resource availbe, how many different types of trees, not teumber of trees availab.e

SLIDE 21

This overlap rerpresents then, the purple, the degree of competition these 2 different speices show for a resources. So when there is more overlap, they compete more for resources, and in extreme case where they completely overlap is the outcome of competition of exclusion principle, where only one species can exist, and driving the other to extinction.

SLIDE 23

Where you see less overlap, there is more partiionign of the resources, therefore less competition among the species.

SLIDE 24

Resource partitioning can lead to a higher species richness.

First there may be some kind of specialization. All these species have very little overlap.

SLIDE 25

Species richness in a community can also be high because the resource spectrum is broad, in other words there are a great array of resources available and so it can support more species.

SLIDE 26

McArhtur wanted to know how these birds were co existing with other even though they had similar resource needs.

SLIDE 27

The finding showed that mcarthurs hypothesis that they were using the same hbitat, and resurces

SLIDE 28

McArthur examined bird diversity and....foliage denity

SLIDE 29

He found yes there is actually a psotive relationship etween species diversity and  members of thje..

Interesting he also found group  identity was not realed to the. S

SLIDE 30

Species can co exist by using the resources in different proportions.        

SLIDE 31

The test says that within an experimental setting

SLIDE 27

What important is that hes speciues were only to able to coexist with another  bothj phosphorous and silicon need each other.

SLIDE 22

What is allowing for coextence then is this idea there are these seasonal turn overs in the lake. These disturbances are frequent enough to keep certain species in check so tjheyu don’t reach their carrying capacity.

SLIDE 33

 He proposed the co existence Can be maintained even when a disturbance occurs. What he did was he manipulated the population of the starfish for coastal waters. He had a control and a aniupatled. In control the predatory starfish was left alone and was allowed....in the manipulated he removed the predatory starfish, and so what he found was for pods without the predatory starfish, the secies richeness was actually pretty low. Withoutht eh predatory starfish, themuscle outcompeted other barnacles. In the control, species richness was actually higher, the starfish was keeping the muscles in check and reaching its carrying capacity.

So wht we’d ecpect tp find in high disturbance areas are good colonizers becaue they are the species that can establish quickly after a disturbance.

SLIDE 35

The immedietate disturbance hypothesis – so this theory, low levels of disturbance, equals low species richness because th superior species outcompete everything.

When  disturbance is extremely high, you would expect species richness to be low, because these disturbances are frequent enough and happen so much that its not jsut the dominant species tha are being eliamted from the system, but everything else.

So what we expect to find is Th

SLIDE 37

For smaller bolders, frequently pusehda round by the waves, and they face a lot of disturbance. Larger borders don’t move as much. He found that large boulders, they tend to have fewerspecies on them, because the dominant species on these boulders were able to exlude other speices

For the smaller boulders, frequernlty rolled around, he found very few speices as well because of the constant disturbance was so high hard for any species to establish

Finalyl for the intermediate thes  had the highest amounts of diversity.

One of the problems with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis is its a pretty simple model. And it doesn’t capture a lot of realism

SLIDE 38

So Huston added another dimension to it, competitive displacement –

SLIDE 39

The species in blue being the competiviely superior species These are equilibrium condtions where no disturbances are occurring for low prodiuctivty and high productivity.

We can expt that the superior species is able to reach its carrying capacity at a faster rate within the high productivity sites versus the low productivity sites. So this rate of growth for the competitively superior species is competitive displacement?

But when we start seeing periodic disturbances (indicated by the arrows in the system) this delasys the rate of superior to reach its carrying capacity, lessenoing its chances of exluding inferior species.

But the thing is, when disturbance is too high within a system, only a few good colonizers are able to establish/. We incorporate this idea of competitive dispalccement then....

We would expwcr speies diversity to be the highest when the frequency of disturbance and also the rate of displacement are at low levels. And the reason for this is because the superior competitor will be kept in check by these disturbances that are frequenct enough that kit keeps the population from competibiely exluding other species.

And there are 2 different scebnarios where we see low species richness. So in the first scenario,  is when the distiurbance is high and the displacement is low, and this is because the superior competitor can’t reach its carrying capacity, and as a consequence can’t exclude other species. But because the disturbance is so high than earlier, other species will not be able to survive in that environment either.

And the second instance is when the disturbance are so infrequent to the point where the competitibely superior species is able to reach its carrying capacity and exclude other species.

So the important thing to take away from this dynamic equilibrium mode is that this ratio between teh growth rate of the dominant species and the rate of disturbance occurring and how they help each oher.

The thing with these theories is that there is some competigtive underlying hierarchy, the diea that species are competitively superior to others.

SLIDE 44

lOTTERY model says species have similar interaction strengths and population growth rates....whats more important is the abiliiyy of these species to quickly disperse once disturnace occurs to take advantage of an environment recently made available.

SLIDE 45

This was conducted in the great barrier reefs of Australia. The diversity in these reefs is very high. Why are there so many species that can co exist with each other in such a small spaceÉ

SLIDE 46

One of the more important things behind this idea is that its really a lottery system, where the fishes will produce many highly mobile javelins that can take advantage of the space available. Ad long as one species is able to win thje lottery (establish and reproduce) then it will continue to reproduce and enter the lottery again. This is how the lottery allows co existence.